Move the source of lib/Kconfig.debug and arch/$(ARCH)/Kconfig.debug to
the top-level Kconfig. For two architectures that means moving their
arch-specific symbols in that menu into a new arch Kconfig.debug file,
and for a few more creating a dummy file so that we can include it
unconditionally.
Also move the actual 'Kernel hacking' menu to lib/Kconfig.debug, where
it belongs.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Instead of duplicating the source statements in every architecture just
do it once in the toplevel Kconfig file.
Note that with this the inclusion of arch/$(SRCARCH/Kconfig moves out of
the top-level Kconfig into arch/Kconfig so that don't violate ordering
constraits while keeping a sensible menu structure.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
On 32-bit, it need to use __ucmpdi2, otherwise, it can't find the __ucmpdi2
symbol.
Signed-off-by: Zong Li <zong@andestech.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
This tag contains some small RISC-V updates I'd like to target for 4.18.
They are all fairly small this time. Here's a short summary, there's
more info in the commits/merges.
* A fix to __clear_user to respect the passed arguments.
* Enough support for the perf subsystem to work with RISC-V's ISA
defined performance counters.
* Support for sparse and cleanups suggested by it.
* Support for R_RISCV_32 (a relocation, not the 32-bit ISA).
* Some MAINTAINERS cleanups.
* The addition of CONFIG_HVC_RISCV_SBI to our defconfig, as it's always
present.
I've given these a simple build+boot test.
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Merge tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.18-merge_window' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux
Pull RISC-V updates from Palmer Dabbelt:
"This contains some small RISC-V updates I'd like to target for 4.18.
They are all fairly small this time. Here's a short summary, there's
more info in the commits/merges:
- a fix to __clear_user to respect the passed arguments.
- enough support for the perf subsystem to work with RISC-V's ISA
defined performance counters.
- support for sparse and cleanups suggested by it.
- support for R_RISCV_32 (a relocation, not the 32-bit ISA).
- some MAINTAINERS cleanups.
- the addition of CONFIG_HVC_RISCV_SBI to our defconfig, as it's
always present.
I've given these a simple build+boot test"
* tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.18-merge_window' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux:
RISC-V: Add CONFIG_HVC_RISCV_SBI=y to defconfig
RISC-V: Handle R_RISCV_32 in modules
riscv/ftrace: Export _mcount when DYNAMIC_FTRACE isn't set
riscv: add riscv-specific predefines to CHECKFLAGS
riscv: split the declaration of __copy_user
riscv: no __user for probe_kernel_address()
riscv: use NULL instead of a plain 0
perf: riscv: Add Document for Future Porting Guide
perf: riscv: preliminary RISC-V support
MAINTAINERS: Update Albert's email, he's back at Berkeley
MAINTAINERS: Add myself as a maintainer for SiFive's drivers
riscv: Fix the bug in memory access fixup code
Currently the PTE special supports is turned on in per architecture
header files. Most of the time, it is defined in
arch/*/include/asm/pgtable.h depending or not on some other per
architecture static definition.
This patch introduce a new configuration variable to manage this
directly in the Kconfig files. It would later replace
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL.
Here notes for some architecture where the definition of
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is not obvious:
arm
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL which is currently defined in
arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h which is included by
arch/arm/include/asm/pgtable.h when CONFIG_ARM_LPAE is set.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL if ARM_LPAE.
powerpc
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is defined in 2 files:
- arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/64/pgtable.h
- arch/powerpc/include/asm/pte-common.h
The first one is included if (PPC_BOOK3S & PPC64) while the second is
included in all the other cases.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL all the time.
sparc:
__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL is defined if defined(__sparc__) &&
defined(__arch64__) which are defined through the compiler in
sparc/Makefile if !SPARC32 which I assume to be if SPARC64.
So select ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL if SPARC64
There is no functional change introduced by this patch.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1523433816-14460-2-git-send-email-ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Laurent Dufour <ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Suggested-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K . V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <albert@sifive.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Cc: Christophe LEROY <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch provide a basic PMU, riscv_base_pmu, which supports two
general hardware event, instructions and cycles. Furthermore, this
PMU serves as a reference implementation to ease the portings in
the future.
riscv_base_pmu should be able to run on any RISC-V machine that
conforms to the Priv-Spec. Note that the latest qemu model hasn't
fully support a proper behavior of Priv-Spec 1.10 yet, but work
around should be easy with very small fixes. Please check
https://github.com/riscv/riscv-qemu/pull/115 for future updates.
Cc: Nick Hu <nickhu@andestech.com>
Cc: Greentime Hu <greentime@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
All RISC-V platforms today lack an IOMMU. However, legacy PCI devices
sometimes require DMA-memory to be in the low 32 bits. To make this work,
we enable the software-based bounce buffers from swiotlb. They only impose
overhead when the device in question cannot address the full 64-bit address
space, so a perfect fit.
This patch assumes that DMA is coherent with the processor and the PCI
bus. It also assumes that the processor and devices share a common
address space. This is true for all RISC-V platforms so far.
[changelog stolen from an earlier patch by Palmer Dabbelt that did the
more complicated swiotlb wireup before the recent consolidation]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Until we actually support > 32bit physical addresses for 32-bit using
highmem there is no point in enabling ZONE_DMA32. And even if such
support is ever added it probably should be conditional to not burden
low end embedded devices.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
We can deduct this directly using a select from ARCH_RV32I/ARCH_RV64I.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Define this symbol if the architecture either uses 64-bit pointers or the
PHYS_ADDR_T_64BIT is set. This covers 95% of the old arch magic. We only
need an additional select for Xen on ARM (why anyway?), and we now always
set ARCH_DMA_ADDR_T_64BIT on mips boards with 64-bit physical addressing
instead of only doing it when highmem is set.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
Instead select the PHYS_ADDR_T_64BIT for 32-bit architectures that need a
64-bit phys_addr_t type directly.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
There is no arch specific code required for dma-debug, so there is no
need to opt into the support either.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
DMA_DIRECT_OPS is defined in lib/Kconfig, so don't duplicate it in
arch/riscv/Kconfig.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
When these are included into arch Kconfig files, maintaining
alphabetical ordering of the selects means these get split up. To allow
for keeping things tidier and alphabetical, rename the selects to
GENERIC_LIB_*
Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@mips.com>
Acked-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Cc: Antony Pavlov <antonynpavlov@gmail.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/19049/
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org>
This tag contains the new features we'd like to incorporate into the
RISC-V port for 4.17. We might have a bit more stuff land later in the
merge window, but I wanted to get this out earlier just so everyone can
see where we currently stand.
A short summary of the changes is:
* We've added support for dynamic ftrace on RISC-V targets.
* There have been a handful of cleanups to our atomic and locking
routines. They now more closely match the released RISC-V memory
model draft.
* Our module loading support has been cleaned up and is now enabled by
default, despite some limitations still existing.
* A patch to define COMMANDLINE_FORCE instead of COMMANDLINE_OVERRIDE so
the generic device tree code picks up handling all our command line
stuff.
There's more information in the merge commits for each patch set.
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Merge tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.17-mw0' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux
Pull RISC-V updates from Palmer Dabbelt:
"This contains the new features we'd like to incorporate into the
RISC-V port for 4.17. We might have a bit more stuff land later in the
merge window, but I wanted to get this out earlier just so everyone
can see where we currently stand.
A short summary of the changes is:
- We've added support for dynamic ftrace on RISC-V targets.
- There have been a handful of cleanups to our atomic and locking
routines. They now more closely match the released RISC-V memory
model draft.
- Our module loading support has been cleaned up and is now enabled
by default, despite some limitations still existing.
- A patch to define COMMANDLINE_FORCE instead of COMMANDLINE_OVERRIDE
so the generic device tree code picks up handling all our command
line stuff.
There's more information in the merge commits for each patch set"
* tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.17-mw0' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux: (21 commits)
RISC-V: Rename CONFIG_CMDLINE_OVERRIDE to CONFIG_CMDLINE_FORCE
RISC-V: Add definition of relocation types
RISC-V: Enable module support in defconfig
RISC-V: Support SUB32 relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Support ADD32 relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Support ALIGN relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Support RVC_BRANCH/JUMP relocation type in kernel modulewq
RISC-V: Support HI20/LO12_I/LO12_S relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Support CALL relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Support GOT_HI20/CALL_PLT relocation type in kernel module
RISC-V: Add section of GOT.PLT for kernel module
RISC-V: Add sections of PLT and GOT for kernel module
riscv/atomic: Strengthen implementations with fences
riscv/spinlock: Strengthen implementations with fences
riscv/barrier: Define __smp_{store_release,load_acquire}
riscv/ftrace: Add HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_RET_ADDR_PTR support
riscv/ftrace: Add DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS support
riscv/ftrace: Add ARCH_SUPPORTS_FTRACE_OPS support
riscv/ftrace: Add dynamic function graph tracer support
riscv/ftrace: Add dynamic function tracer support
...
The device tree code looks for CONFIG_CMDLINE_FORCE, but we were using
CONFIG_CMDLINE_OVERRIDE. It looks like this was just a hold over from
before our device tree conversion -- in fact, we'd already removed the
support for CONFIG_CMDLINE_OVERRIDE from our arch-specific code so it
didn't even work any more.
Thanks to Mortiz and Trung for finding the original bug, and for Michael
for suggeting a better fix.
CC: Trung Tran <trung.tran@ettus.com>
CC: Michael J Clark <mjc@sifive.com>
Reviewed-by: Moritz Fischer <mdf@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
This cleans up the module support that was commited earlier to work with
what's actually emitted from our GCC port as it lands upstream. Most of
the work here is adding new relocations to the kernel.
There's some limitations on module loading imposed by the kernel:
* The kernel doesn't support linker relaxation, which is necessary to
support R_RISCV_ALIGN. In order to get reliable module building
you're going to need to a GCC that supports the new '-mno-relax',
which IIRC isn't going to be out until 8.1.0. It's somewhat unlikely
that R_RISCV_ALIGN will appear in a module even without '-mno-relax'
support, so issues shouldn't be common.
* There is no large code model for RISC-V, which means modules must be
loaded within a 32-bit signed offset of the kernel. We don't
currently have any mechanism for ensuring this memory remains free or
moving pages around, so issues here might be common.
I fixed a singcle merge conflict in arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile.
The address of external symbols will locate more than 32-bit offset
in 64-bit kernel with sv39 or sv48 virtual addressing.
Module loader emits the GOT and PLT entries for data symbols and
function symbols respectively.
The PLT entry is a trampoline code for jumping to the 64-bit
real address. The GOT entry is just the data symbol address.
Signed-off-by: Zong Li <zong@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
We now have dynamic ftrace with the following added items:
* ftrace_make_call, ftrace_make_nop (in kernel/ftrace.c)
The two functions turn each recorded call site of filtered functions
into a call to ftrace_caller or nops
* ftracce_update_ftrace_func (in kernel/ftrace.c)
turns the nops at ftrace_call into a call to a generic entry for
function tracers.
* ftrace_caller (in kernel/mcount-dyn.S)
The entry where each _mcount call sites calls to once they are
filtered to be traced.
Also, this patch fixes the semantic problems in mcount.S, which will be
treated as only a reference implementation once we have the dynamic
ftrace.
Cc: Greentime Hu <greentime@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
Now recordmcount.pl recognizes RISC-V object files. For the mechanism to
work, we have to disable the linker relaxation.
Cc: Greentime Hu <greentime@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
The ARCH_HAS_ATOMIC64_DEC_IF_POSITIVE symbol was removed in
commit 51a021244b ("atomic64: no need for
CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_ATOMIC64_DEC_IF_POSITIVE").
Remove the ARCH_HAS_ATOMIC64_DEC_IS_POSITIVE select from RISCV.
Discovered with the
https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/list_undefined.py
script.
Signed-off-by: Ulf Magnusson <ulfalizer@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Neuschäfer <j.neuschaefer@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
The RISCV_IRQ_INTC configuration symbol is undefined, but RISCV selects
it. Quoting Palmer Dabbelt:
It looks like this slipped through, the symbol has been renamed
RISCV_INTC.
No RISCV_INTC configuration symbol has been merged either. Just remove
the RISCV_IRQ_INTC select for now.
Signed-off-by: Ulf Magnusson <ulfalizer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
The ARCH_WANT_OPTIONAL_GPIOLIB symbol was removed in commit 65053e1a77
("gpio: delete ARCH_[WANTS_OPTIONAL|REQUIRE]_GPIOLIB"). GPIOLIB should
just be selected explicitly if needed.
Remove the ARCH_WANT_OPTIONAL_GPIOLIB select from RISCV.
See commit 0145071b33 ("x86: Do away with
ARCH_[WANT_OPTIONAL|REQUIRE]_GPIOLIB") and commit da9a1c6767 ("arm64: do
away with ARCH_[WANT_OPTIONAL|REQUIRE]_GPIOLIB") as well.
Discovered with the
https://github.com/ulfalizer/Kconfiglib/blob/master/examples/list_undefined.py
script.
Reviewed-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Ulf Magnusson <ulfalizer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
This tag contains the fixes we'd like to target for the 4.16 merge
window. It's not as much as I was originally hoping to do but between
glibc, the chip, and FOSDEM there just wasn't enough time to get
everything put together. As such, this merge window is essentially just
going to be small changes. This includes mostly cleanups:
* A build fix failure to the audit test cases. RISC-V doesn't have
renameat because the generic syscall ABI moved to renameat2 by the
time of our port. The syscall audit test cases don't understand this,
so I added a trivial fix. This went through mailing list review
during the 4.15 merge window, but nobody has picked it up so I think
it's best to just do this here.
* The removal of our command-line argument processing code. The
"mem_end" stuff was broken and the rest duplicated generic device tree
code. The generic code was already being called.
* Some unused/redundant code has been removed, including
__ARCH_HAVE_MMU, current_pgdir, and the initialization of init_mm.pgd.
* SUM is disabled upon taking a trap, which means that user memory is
protected during traps taking inside copy_{to,from}_user().
* The sptbr CSR has been renamed to satp in C code. We haven't changed
the assembly code in order to maintain compatibility with binutils
2.29, which doesn't understand the new name.
Additionally, we're adding some new features:
* Basic ftrace support, thanks to Alan Kao!
* Support for ZONE_DMA32. This is necessary for all the normal reasons,
but also to deal with a deficiency in the Xilinx PCIe controller we're
using on our FPGA-based systems. While the ZONE_DMA32 addition should
be sufficient for most uses, it doesn't complete the fix for the
Xilinx controller.
* TLB shootdowns now only target the harts where they're necessary,
instead of applying to all harts in the system.
These patches have all been sitting on our linux-next branch for a while
now. Due to time constraints this is all I feel comfortable submitting
during the 4.16 merge window, hopefully we'll do better next time!
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Merge tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.16-merge_window' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux
Pull RISC-V updates from Palmer Dabbelt:
"This contains the fixes we'd like to target for the 4.16 merge window.
It's not as much as I was originally hoping to do but between glibc,
the chip, and FOSDEM there just wasn't enough time to get everything
put together. As such, this merge window is essentially just going to
be small changes. This includes mostly cleanups:
- A build fix failure to the audit test cases.
RISC-V doesn't have renameat because the generic syscall ABI moved
to renameat2 by the time of our port. The syscall audit test cases
don't understand this, so I added a trivial fix. This went through
mailing list review during the 4.15 merge window, but nobody has
picked it up so I think it's best to just do this here.
- The removal of our command-line argument processing code. The
"mem_end" stuff was broken and the rest duplicated generic device
tree code. The generic code was already being called.
- Some unused/redundant code has been removed, including
__ARCH_HAVE_MMU, current_pgdir, and the initialization of
init_mm.pgd.
- SUM is disabled upon taking a trap, which means that user memory is
protected during traps taking inside copy_{to,from}_user().
- The sptbr CSR has been renamed to satp in C code. We haven't
changed the assembly code in order to maintain compatibility with
binutils 2.29, which doesn't understand the new name.
Additionally, we're adding some new features:
- Basic ftrace support, thanks to Alan Kao!
- Support for ZONE_DMA32.
This is necessary for all the normal reasons, but also to deal with
a deficiency in the Xilinx PCIe controller we're using on our
FPGA-based systems. While the ZONE_DMA32 addition should be
sufficient for most uses, it doesn't complete the fix for the
Xilinx controller.
- TLB shootdowns now only target the harts where they're necessary,
instead of applying to all harts in the system.
These patches have all been sitting on our linux-next branch for a
while now. Due to time constraints this is all I feel comfortable
submitting during the 4.16 merge window, hopefully we'll do better
next time!"
[ Note to self: "harts" is RISC-V speak for "hardware threads". I had
to look that up. - Linus ]
* tag 'riscv-for-linus-4.16-merge_window' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/palmer/riscv-linux:
riscv: inline set_pgdir into its only caller
riscv: rename sptbr to satp
riscv: don't read back satp in paging_init
riscv: remove the unused current_pgdir function
riscv: add ZONE_DMA32
RISC-V: Limit the scope of TLB shootdowns
riscv: disable SUM in the exception handler
riscv: remove redundant unlikely()
riscv: remove unused __ARCH_HAVE_MMU define
riscv/ftrace: Add basic support
RISC-V: Remove mem_end command line processing
RISC-V: Remove duplicate command-line parsing logic
audit: Avoid build failures on systems without renameat
This patch allows devices that require memory that can be addressed
using 32-bit addresses to work easily on RISC-V systems. The newly
improved dma-direct ops will tap into this pool automatically for
32-bit addressing.
Based on an earlier patch from Wesley W. Terpstra.
CC: Wesley W. Terpstra <terpstra@sifive.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
This patch contains basic ftrace support for RV64I platform.
Specifically, function tracer (HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACER), function graph
tracer (HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER), and a frame pointer test
(HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_FP_TEST) are implemented following the
instructions in Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt.
Note that the functions in both ftrace.c and setup.c should not be
hooked with the compiler's -pg option: to prevent infinite self-
referencing for the former, and to ignore early setup stuff for the
latter.
Signed-off-by: Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>
The trivial direct mapping implementation already does a virtual to
physical translation which isn't strictly a noop, and will soon learn
to do non-direct but linear physical to dma translations through the
device offset and a few small tricks. Rename it to a better fitting
name.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
This patch contains all the build infrastructure that actually enables
the RISC-V port. This includes Makefiles, linker scripts, and Kconfig
files. It also contains the only top-level change, which adds RISC-V to
the list of architectures that need a sed run to produce the ARCH
variable when building locally.
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>