INITRD reserved area entry is not removed from memblock
even though initrd reserved area is freed. After freeing
the memory it is released from memblock. The same can be
checked from /sys/kernel/debug/memblock/reserved.
The patch makes sure that the initrd entry is removed from
memblock when keepinitrd is not enabled.
The patch only affects accounting and debugging. This does not
fix any memory leak.
Acked-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: CHANDAN VN <chandan.vn@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
This pull requests contains a consolidation of the generic no-IOMMU code,
a well as the glue code for swiotlb. All the code is based on the x86
implementation with hooks to allow all architectures that aren't cache
coherent to use it. The x86 conversion itself has been deferred because
the x86 maintainers were a little busy in the last months.
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Merge tag 'dma-mapping-4.16' of git://git.infradead.org/users/hch/dma-mapping
Pull dma mapping updates from Christoph Hellwig:
"Except for a runtime warning fix from Christian this is all about
consolidation of the generic no-IOMMU code, a well as the glue code
for swiotlb.
All the code is based on the x86 implementation with hooks to allow
all architectures that aren't cache coherent to use it.
The x86 conversion itself has been deferred because the x86
maintainers were a little busy in the last months"
* tag 'dma-mapping-4.16' of git://git.infradead.org/users/hch/dma-mapping: (57 commits)
MAINTAINERS: add the iommu list for swiotlb and xen-swiotlb
arm64: use swiotlb_alloc and swiotlb_free
arm64: replace ZONE_DMA with ZONE_DMA32
mips: use swiotlb_{alloc,free}
mips/netlogic: remove swiotlb support
tile: use generic swiotlb_ops
tile: replace ZONE_DMA with ZONE_DMA32
unicore32: use generic swiotlb_ops
ia64: remove an ifdef around the content of pci-dma.c
ia64: clean up swiotlb support
ia64: use generic swiotlb_ops
ia64: replace ZONE_DMA with ZONE_DMA32
swiotlb: remove various exports
swiotlb: refactor coherent buffer allocation
swiotlb: refactor coherent buffer freeing
swiotlb: wire up ->dma_supported in swiotlb_dma_ops
swiotlb: add common swiotlb_map_ops
swiotlb: rename swiotlb_free to swiotlb_exit
x86: rename swiotlb_dma_ops
powerpc: rename swiotlb_dma_ops
...
- Security mitigations:
- variant 2: invalidating the branch predictor with a call to secure firmware
- variant 3: implementing KPTI for arm64
- 52-bit physical address support for arm64 (ARMv8.2)
- arm64 support for RAS (firmware first only) and SDEI (software
delegated exception interface; allows firmware to inject a RAS error
into the OS)
- Perf support for the ARM DynamIQ Shared Unit PMU
- CPUID and HWCAP bits updated for new floating point multiplication
instructions in ARMv8.4
- Removing some virtual memory layout printks during boot
- Fix initial page table creation to cope with larger than 32M kernel
images when 16K pages are enabled
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Merge tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux
Pull arm64 updates from Catalin Marinas:
"The main theme of this pull request is security covering variants 2
and 3 for arm64. I expect to send additional patches next week
covering an improved firmware interface (requires firmware changes)
for variant 2 and way for KPTI to be disabled on unaffected CPUs
(Cavium's ThunderX doesn't work properly with KPTI enabled because of
a hardware erratum).
Summary:
- Security mitigations:
- variant 2: invalidate the branch predictor with a call to
secure firmware
- variant 3: implement KPTI for arm64
- 52-bit physical address support for arm64 (ARMv8.2)
- arm64 support for RAS (firmware first only) and SDEI (software
delegated exception interface; allows firmware to inject a RAS
error into the OS)
- perf support for the ARM DynamIQ Shared Unit PMU
- CPUID and HWCAP bits updated for new floating point multiplication
instructions in ARMv8.4
- remove some virtual memory layout printks during boot
- fix initial page table creation to cope with larger than 32M kernel
images when 16K pages are enabled"
* tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux: (104 commits)
arm64: Fix TTBR + PAN + 52-bit PA logic in cpu_do_switch_mm
arm64: Turn on KPTI only on CPUs that need it
arm64: Branch predictor hardening for Cavium ThunderX2
arm64: Run enable method for errata work arounds on late CPUs
arm64: Move BP hardening to check_and_switch_context
arm64: mm: ignore memory above supported physical address size
arm64: kpti: Fix the interaction between ASID switching and software PAN
KVM: arm64: Emulate RAS error registers and set HCR_EL2's TERR & TEA
KVM: arm64: Handle RAS SErrors from EL2 on guest exit
KVM: arm64: Handle RAS SErrors from EL1 on guest exit
KVM: arm64: Save ESR_EL2 on guest SError
KVM: arm64: Save/Restore guest DISR_EL1
KVM: arm64: Set an impdef ESR for Virtual-SError using VSESR_EL2.
KVM: arm/arm64: mask/unmask daif around VHE guests
arm64: kernel: Prepare for a DISR user
arm64: Unconditionally enable IESB on exception entry/return for firmware-first
arm64: kernel: Survive corrected RAS errors notified by SError
arm64: cpufeature: Detect CPU RAS Extentions
arm64: sysreg: Move to use definitions for all the SCTLR bits
arm64: cpufeature: __this_cpu_has_cap() shouldn't stop early
...
When booting a kernel without 52-bit PA support (e.g. a kernel with 4k
pages) on a system with 52-bit memory, the kernel will currently try to
use the 52-bit memory and crash. Fix this by ignoring any memory higher
than what the kernel supports.
Fixes: f77d281713 ("arm64: enable 52-bit physical address support")
Signed-off-by: Kristina Martsenko <kristina.martsenko@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Printing kernel addresses should be done in limited circumstances, mostly
for debugging purposes. Printing out the virtual memory layout at every
kernel bootup doesn't really fall into this category so delete the prints.
There are other ways to get the same information.
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
arm64 uses ZONE_DMA for allocations below 32-bits. These days we
name the zone for that ZONE_DMA32, which will allow to use the
dma-direct and generic swiotlb code as-is, so rename it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
The high_memory global variable is used by
cma_declare_contiguous(.) before it is defined.
We don't notice this as we compute __pa(high_memory - 1), and it looks
like we're processing a VA from the direct linear map.
This problem becomes apparent when we flip the kernel virtual address
space and the linear map is moved to the bottom of the kernel VA space.
This patch moves the initialisation of high_memory before it used.
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Fixes: f7426b983a ("mm: cma: adjust address limit to avoid hitting low/high memory boundary")
Signed-off-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Arch-specific functions are added to allow for implementing a crash dump
file interface, /proc/vmcore, which can be viewed as a ELF file.
A user space tool, like kexec-tools, is responsible for allocating
a separate region for the core's ELF header within crash kdump kernel
memory and filling it in when executing kexec_load().
Then, its location will be advertised to crash dump kernel via a new
device-tree property, "linux,elfcorehdr", and crash dump kernel preserves
the region for later use with reserve_elfcorehdr() at boot time.
On crash dump kernel, /proc/vmcore will access the primary kernel's memory
with copy_oldmem_page(), which feeds the data page-by-page by ioremap'ing
it since it does not reside in linear mapping on crash dump kernel.
Meanwhile, elfcorehdr_read() is simple as the region is always mapped.
Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Since arch_kexec_protect_crashkres() removes a mapping for crash dump
kernel image, the loaded data won't be preserved around hibernation.
In this patch, helper functions, crash_prepare_suspend()/
crash_post_resume(), are additionally called before/after hibernation so
that the relevant memory segments will be mapped again and preserved just
as the others are.
In addition, to minimize the size of hibernation image, crash_is_nosave()
is added to pfn_is_nosave() in order to recognize only the pages that hold
loaded crash dump kernel image as saveable. Hibernation excludes any pages
that are marked as Reserved and yet "nosave."
Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
"crashkernel=" kernel parameter specifies the size (and optionally
the start address) of the system ram to be used by crash dump kernel.
reserve_crashkernel() will allocate and reserve that memory at boot time
of primary kernel.
The memory range will be exposed to userspace as a resource named
"Crash kernel" in /proc/iomem.
Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Pratyush Anand <panand@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Crash dump kernel uses only a limited range of available memory as System
RAM. On arm64 kdump, This memory range is advertised to crash dump kernel
via a device-tree property under /chosen,
linux,usable-memory-range = <BASE SIZE>
Crash dump kernel reads this property at boot time and calls
memblock_cap_memory_range() to limit usable memory which are listed either
in UEFI memory map table or "memory" nodes of a device tree blob.
Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Geoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
- Errata workarounds for Qualcomm's Falkor CPU
- Qualcomm L2 Cache PMU driver
- Qualcomm SMCCC firmware quirk
- Support for DEBUG_VIRTUAL
- CPU feature detection for userspace via MRS emulation
- Preliminary work for the Statistical Profiling Extension
- Misc cleanups and non-critical fixes
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Merge tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux
Pull arm64 updates from Will Deacon:
- Errata workarounds for Qualcomm's Falkor CPU
- Qualcomm L2 Cache PMU driver
- Qualcomm SMCCC firmware quirk
- Support for DEBUG_VIRTUAL
- CPU feature detection for userspace via MRS emulation
- Preliminary work for the Statistical Profiling Extension
- Misc cleanups and non-critical fixes
* tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux: (74 commits)
arm64/kprobes: consistently handle MRS/MSR with XZR
arm64: cpufeature: correctly handle MRS to XZR
arm64: traps: correctly handle MRS/MSR with XZR
arm64: ptrace: add XZR-safe regs accessors
arm64: include asm/assembler.h in entry-ftrace.S
arm64: fix warning about swapper_pg_dir overflow
arm64: Work around Falkor erratum 1003
arm64: head.S: Enable EL1 (host) access to SPE when entered at EL2
arm64: arch_timer: document Hisilicon erratum 161010101
arm64: use is_vmalloc_addr
arm64: use linux/sizes.h for constants
arm64: uaccess: consistently check object sizes
perf: add qcom l2 cache perf events driver
arm64: remove wrong CONFIG_PROC_SYSCTL ifdef
ARM: smccc: Update HVC comment to describe new quirk parameter
arm64: do not trace atomic operations
ACPI/IORT: Fix the error return code in iort_add_smmu_platform_device()
ACPI/IORT: Fix iort_node_get_id() mapping entries indexing
arm64: mm: enable CONFIG_HOLES_IN_ZONE for NUMA
perf: xgene: Include module.h
...
Commit b67a8b29df introduced logic to skip swiotlb allocation when all memory
is DMA accessible anyway.
While this is a great idea, __dma_alloc still calls swiotlb code unconditionally
to allocate memory when there is no CMA memory available. The swiotlb code is
called to ensure that we at least try get_free_pages().
Without initialization, swiotlb allocation code tries to access io_tlb_list
which is NULL. That results in a stack trace like this:
Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000000
[...]
[<ffff00000845b908>] swiotlb_tbl_map_single+0xd0/0x2b0
[<ffff00000845be94>] swiotlb_alloc_coherent+0x10c/0x198
[<ffff000008099dc0>] __dma_alloc+0x68/0x1a8
[<ffff000000a1b410>] drm_gem_cma_create+0x98/0x108 [drm]
[<ffff000000abcaac>] drm_fbdev_cma_create_with_funcs+0xbc/0x368 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffff000000abcd84>] drm_fbdev_cma_create+0x2c/0x40 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffff000000abc040>] drm_fb_helper_initial_config+0x238/0x410 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffff000000abce88>] drm_fbdev_cma_init_with_funcs+0x98/0x160 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffff000000abcf90>] drm_fbdev_cma_init+0x40/0x58 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffff000000b47980>] vc4_kms_load+0x90/0xf0 [vc4]
[<ffff000000b46a94>] vc4_drm_bind+0xec/0x168 [vc4]
[...]
Thankfully swiotlb code just learned how to not do allocations with the FORCE_NO
option. This patch configures the swiotlb code to use that if we decide not to
initialize the swiotlb framework.
Fixes: b67a8b29df ("arm64: mm: only initialize swiotlb when necessary")
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
CC: Jisheng Zhang <jszhang@marvell.com>
CC: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
CC: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
__pa_symbol is technically the marcro that should be used for kernel
symbols. Switch to this as a pre-requisite for DEBUG_VIRTUAL which
will do bounds checking.
Reviewed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Tested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Convert the flag swiotlb_force from an int to an enum, to prepare for
the advent of more possible values.
Suggested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
All the lines printed by mem_init are independent, with each ending with
a newline. While they logically form a large block, none are actually
continuations of previous lines.
The kernel-side printk code and the userspace demsg tool differ in their
handling of KERN_CONT following a newline, and while this isn't always a
problem kernel-side, it does cause difficulty for userspace. Using
pr_cont causes the userspace tool to not print line prefix (e.g.
timestamps) even when following a newline, mis-aligning the output and
making it harder to read, e.g.
[ 0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:
[ 0.000000] modules : 0xffff000000000000 - 0xffff000008000000 ( 128 MB)
vmalloc : 0xffff000008000000 - 0xffff7dffbfff0000 (129022 GB)
.text : 0xffff000008080000 - 0xffff0000088b0000 ( 8384 KB)
.rodata : 0xffff0000088b0000 - 0xffff000008c50000 ( 3712 KB)
.init : 0xffff000008c50000 - 0xffff000008d50000 ( 1024 KB)
.data : 0xffff000008d50000 - 0xffff000008e25200 ( 853 KB)
.bss : 0xffff000008e25200 - 0xffff000008e6bec0 ( 284 KB)
fixed : 0xffff7dfffe7fd000 - 0xffff7dfffec00000 ( 4108 KB)
PCI I/O : 0xffff7dfffee00000 - 0xffff7dffffe00000 ( 16 MB)
vmemmap : 0xffff7e0000000000 - 0xffff800000000000 ( 2048 GB maximum)
0xffff7e0000000000 - 0xffff7e0026000000 ( 608 MB actual)
memory : 0xffff800000000000 - 0xffff800980000000 ( 38912 MB)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=6, Nodes=1
Fix this by using pr_notice consistently for all lines, which both the
kernel and userspace are happy with.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Cc: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
There is only fixup_init() in mm.h , and it is only called
in free_initmem(), so move the codes from fixup_init() into
free_initmem(), then drop fixup_init() and mm.h.
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
These objects are set during initialization, thereafter are read only.
Previously I only want to mark vdso_pages, vdso_spec, vectors_page and
cpu_ops as __read_mostly from performance point of view. Then inspired
by Kees's patch[1] to apply more __ro_after_init for arm, I think it's
better to mark them as __ro_after_init. What's more, I find some more
objects are also read only after init. So apply __ro_after_init to all
of them.
This patch also removes global vdso_pagelist and tries to clean up
vdso_spec[] assignment code.
[1] http://www.spinics.net/lists/arm-kernel/msg523188.html
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Jisheng Zhang <jszhang@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
When booting an ACPI enabled kernel with 'mem=x', there is the
possibility that ACPI data regions from the firmware will lie above the
memory limit. Ordinarily these will be removed by
memblock_enforce_memory_limit(.).
Unfortunately, this means that these regions will then be mapped by
acpi_os_ioremap(.) as device memory (instead of normal) thus unaligned
accessess will then provoke alignment faults.
In this patch we adopt memblock_mem_limit_remove_map instead, and this
preserves these ACPI data regions (marked NOMAP) thus ensuring that
these regions are not mapped as device memory.
For example, below is an alignment exception observed on ARM platform
when booting the kernel with 'acpi=on mem=8G':
...
Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff0000080521e7
pgd = ffff000008aa0000
[ffff0000080521e7] *pgd=000000801fffe003, *pud=000000801fffd003, *pmd=000000801fffc003, *pte=00e80083ff1c1707
Internal error: Oops: 96000021 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 4.7.0-rc3-next-20160616+ #172
Hardware name: AMD Overdrive/Supercharger/Default string, BIOS ROD1001A 02/09/2016
task: ffff800001ef0000 ti: ffff800001ef8000 task.ti: ffff800001ef8000
PC is at acpi_ns_lookup+0x520/0x734
LR is at acpi_ns_lookup+0x4a4/0x734
pc : [<ffff0000083b8b10>] lr : [<ffff0000083b8a94>] pstate: 60000045
sp : ffff800001efb8b0
x29: ffff800001efb8c0 x28: 000000000000001b
x27: 0000000000000001 x26: 0000000000000000
x25: ffff800001efb9e8 x24: ffff000008a10000
x23: 0000000000000001 x22: 0000000000000001
x21: ffff000008724000 x20: 000000000000001b
x19: ffff0000080521e7 x18: 000000000000000d
x17: 00000000000038ff x16: 0000000000000002
x15: 0000000000000007 x14: 0000000000007fff
x13: ffffff0000000000 x12: 0000000000000018
x11: 000000001fffd200 x10: 00000000ffffff76
x9 : 000000000000005f x8 : ffff000008725fa8
x7 : ffff000008a8df70 x6 : ffff000008a8df70
x5 : ffff000008a8d000 x4 : 0000000000000010
x3 : 0000000000000010 x2 : 000000000000000c
x1 : 0000000000000006 x0 : 0000000000000000
...
acpi_ns_lookup+0x520/0x734
acpi_ds_load1_begin_op+0x174/0x4fc
acpi_ps_build_named_op+0xf8/0x220
acpi_ps_create_op+0x208/0x33c
acpi_ps_parse_loop+0x204/0x838
acpi_ps_parse_aml+0x1bc/0x42c
acpi_ns_one_complete_parse+0x1e8/0x22c
acpi_ns_parse_table+0x8c/0x128
acpi_ns_load_table+0xc0/0x1e8
acpi_tb_load_namespace+0xf8/0x2e8
acpi_load_tables+0x7c/0x110
acpi_init+0x90/0x2c0
do_one_initcall+0x38/0x12c
kernel_init_freeable+0x148/0x1ec
kernel_init+0x10/0xec
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x40
Code: b9009fbc 2a00037b 36380057 3219037b (b9400260)
---[ end trace 03381e5eb0a24de4 ]---
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x0000000b
With 'efi=debug', we can see those ACPI regions loaded by firmware on
that board as:
efi: 0x0083ff185000-0x0083ff1b4fff [Reserved | | | | | | | | |WB|WT|WC|UC]*
efi: 0x0083ff1b5000-0x0083ff1c2fff [ACPI Reclaim Memory| | | | | | | | |WB|WT|WC|UC]*
efi: 0x0083ff223000-0x0083ff224fff [ACPI Memory NVS | | | | | | | | |WB|WT|WC|UC]*
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468475036-5852-3-git-send-email-dennis.chen@arm.com
Acked-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Dennis Chen <dennis.chen@arm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael@kernel.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Cc: Kaly Xin <kaly.xin@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As Kees Cook notes in the ARM counterpart of this patch [0]:
The _etext position is defined to be the end of the kernel text code,
and should not include any part of the data segments. This interferes
with things that might check memory ranges and expect executable code
up to _etext.
In particular, Kees is referring to the HARDENED_USERCOPY patch set [1],
which rejects attempts to call copy_to_user() on kernel ranges containing
executable code, but does allow access to the .rodata segment. Regardless
of whether one may or may not agree with the distinction, it makes sense
for _etext to have the same meaning across architectures.
So let's put _etext where it belongs, between .text and .rodata, and fix
up existing references to use __init_begin instead, which unlike _end_rodata
includes the exception and notes sections as well.
The _etext references in kaslr.c are left untouched, since its references
to [_stext, _etext) are meant to capture potential jump instruction targets,
and so disregarding .rodata is actually an improvement here.
[0] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/2245084
[1] http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.hardened.devel/2502
Reported-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
We currently open-code extracting the NUMA node of a memblock region,
which requires an ifdef to cater for !CONFIG_NUMA builds where the
memblock_region::nid field does not exist.
The generic memblock_get_region_node helper is intended to cater for
this. For CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP, builds this returns reg->nid,
and for for !CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP builds this is a static
inline that returns 0. Note that for arm64,
CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP is selected iff CONFIG_NUMA is.
This patch makes use of memblock_get_region_node to simplify the arm64
code. At the same time, we can move the nid variable definition into the
loop, as this is the only place it is used.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@arm.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
we only initialize swiotlb when swiotlb_force is true or not all system
memory is DMA-able, this trivial optimization saves us 64MB when
swiotlb is not necessary.
Signed-off-by: Jisheng Zhang <jszhang@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Show the bss segment information as with text and data in Virtual
memory kernel layout.
Acked-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Each line with single pr_cont() in Virtual kernel memory layout,
or the dump of the kernel memory layout in dmesg is not aligned
when PRINTK_TIME enabled, due to the missing time stamps.
Tested-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Attempt to get the memory and CPU NUMA node via of_numa. If that
fails, default the dummy NUMA node and map all memory and CPUs to node
0.
Tested-by: Shannon Zhao <shannon.zhao@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Richter <rrichter@cavium.com>
Signed-off-by: Ganapatrao Kulkarni <gkulkarni@caviumnetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
This moves the vmemmap region right below PAGE_OFFSET, aka the start
of the linear region, and redefines its size to be a power of two.
Due to the placement of PAGE_OFFSET in the middle of the address space,
whose size is a power of two as well, this guarantees that virt to
page conversions and vice versa can be implemented efficiently, by
masking and shifting rather than ordinary arithmetic.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
The implementation of free_initmem_default() expects __init_begin
and __init_end to be covered by the linear mapping, which is no
longer the case. So open code it instead, using addresses that are
explicitly translated from kernel virtual to linear virtual.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Instead of going out of our way to relocate the initrd if it turns out
to occupy memory that is not covered by the linear mapping, just add the
initrd to the linear mapping. This puts the burden on the bootloader to
pass initrd= and mem= options that are mutually consistent.
Note that, since the placement of the linear region in the PA space is
also dependent on the placement of the kernel Image, which may reside
anywhere in memory, we may still end up with a situation where the initrd
and the kernel Image are simply too far apart to be covered by the linear
region.
Since we now leave it up to the bootloader to pass the initrd in memory
that is guaranteed to be accessible by the kernel, add a mention of this to
the arm64 boot protocol specification as well.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
After choosing memstart_addr to be the highest multiple of
ARM64_MEMSTART_ALIGN less than or equal to the first usable physical memory
address, we clip the memblocks to the maximum size of the linear region.
Since the kernel may be high up in memory, we take care not to clip the
kernel itself, which means we have to clip some memory from the bottom if
this occurs, to ensure that the distance between the first and the last
usable physical memory address can be covered by the linear region.
However, we fail to update memstart_addr if this clipping from the bottom
occurs, which means that we may still end up with virtual addresses that
wrap into the userland range. So increment memstart_addr as appropriate to
prevent this from happening.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
The printk() implementation has a limit of LOG_LINE_MAX (== 1024 - 32)
buffer per call which the arm64 mem_init() breaches when printing the
virtual memory layout with CONFIG_KASAN enabled. The result is that the
last line is no longer printed. This patch splits the call into a
pr_notice() + additional pr_cont() calls.
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
- Initial page table creation reworked to avoid breaking large block
mappings (huge pages) into smaller ones. The ARM architecture requires
break-before-make in such cases to avoid TLB conflicts but that's not
always possible on live page tables
- Kernel virtual memory layout: the kernel image is no longer linked to
the bottom of the linear mapping (PAGE_OFFSET) but at the bottom of
the vmalloc space, allowing the kernel to be loaded (nearly) anywhere
in physical RAM
- Kernel ASLR: position independent kernel Image and modules being
randomly mapped in the vmalloc space with the randomness is provided
by UEFI (efi_get_random_bytes() patches merged via the arm64 tree,
acked by Matt Fleming)
- Implement relative exception tables for arm64, required by KASLR
(initial code for ARCH_HAS_RELATIVE_EXTABLE added to lib/extable.c but
actual x86 conversion to deferred to 4.7 because of the merge
dependencies)
- Support for the User Access Override feature of ARMv8.2: this allows
uaccess functions (get_user etc.) to be implemented using LDTR/STTR
instructions. Such instructions, when run by the kernel, perform
unprivileged accesses adding an extra level of protection. The
set_fs() macro is used to "upgrade" such instruction to privileged
accesses via the UAO bit
- Half-precision floating point support (part of ARMv8.2)
- Optimisations for CPUs with or without a hardware prefetcher (using
run-time code patching)
- copy_page performance improvement to deal with 128 bytes at a time
- Sanity checks on the CPU capabilities (via CPUID) to prevent
incompatible secondary CPUs from being brought up (e.g. weird
big.LITTLE configurations)
- valid_user_regs() reworked for better sanity check of the sigcontext
information (restored pstate information)
- ACPI parking protocol implementation
- CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA enabled by default
- VDSO code marked as read-only
- DEBUG_PAGEALLOC support
- ARCH_HAS_UBSAN_SANITIZE_ALL enabled
- Erratum workaround Cavium ThunderX SoC
- set_pte_at() fix for PROT_NONE mappings
- Code clean-ups
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Merge tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux
Pull arm64 updates from Catalin Marinas:
"Here are the main arm64 updates for 4.6. There are some relatively
intrusive changes to support KASLR, the reworking of the kernel
virtual memory layout and initial page table creation.
Summary:
- Initial page table creation reworked to avoid breaking large block
mappings (huge pages) into smaller ones. The ARM architecture
requires break-before-make in such cases to avoid TLB conflicts but
that's not always possible on live page tables
- Kernel virtual memory layout: the kernel image is no longer linked
to the bottom of the linear mapping (PAGE_OFFSET) but at the bottom
of the vmalloc space, allowing the kernel to be loaded (nearly)
anywhere in physical RAM
- Kernel ASLR: position independent kernel Image and modules being
randomly mapped in the vmalloc space with the randomness is
provided by UEFI (efi_get_random_bytes() patches merged via the
arm64 tree, acked by Matt Fleming)
- Implement relative exception tables for arm64, required by KASLR
(initial code for ARCH_HAS_RELATIVE_EXTABLE added to lib/extable.c
but actual x86 conversion to deferred to 4.7 because of the merge
dependencies)
- Support for the User Access Override feature of ARMv8.2: this
allows uaccess functions (get_user etc.) to be implemented using
LDTR/STTR instructions. Such instructions, when run by the kernel,
perform unprivileged accesses adding an extra level of protection.
The set_fs() macro is used to "upgrade" such instruction to
privileged accesses via the UAO bit
- Half-precision floating point support (part of ARMv8.2)
- Optimisations for CPUs with or without a hardware prefetcher (using
run-time code patching)
- copy_page performance improvement to deal with 128 bytes at a time
- Sanity checks on the CPU capabilities (via CPUID) to prevent
incompatible secondary CPUs from being brought up (e.g. weird
big.LITTLE configurations)
- valid_user_regs() reworked for better sanity check of the
sigcontext information (restored pstate information)
- ACPI parking protocol implementation
- CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA enabled by default
- VDSO code marked as read-only
- DEBUG_PAGEALLOC support
- ARCH_HAS_UBSAN_SANITIZE_ALL enabled
- Erratum workaround Cavium ThunderX SoC
- set_pte_at() fix for PROT_NONE mappings
- Code clean-ups"
* tag 'arm64-upstream' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux: (99 commits)
arm64: kasan: Fix zero shadow mapping overriding kernel image shadow
arm64: kasan: Use actual memory node when populating the kernel image shadow
arm64: Update PTE_RDONLY in set_pte_at() for PROT_NONE permission
arm64: Fix misspellings in comments.
arm64: efi: add missing frame pointer assignment
arm64: make mrs_s prefixing implicit in read_cpuid
arm64: enable CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA by default
arm64: Rework valid_user_regs
arm64: mm: check at build time that PAGE_OFFSET divides the VA space evenly
arm64: KVM: Move kvm_call_hyp back to its original localtion
arm64: mm: treat memstart_addr as a signed quantity
arm64: mm: list kernel sections in order
arm64: lse: deal with clobbered IP registers after branch via PLT
arm64: mm: dump: Use VA_START directly instead of private LOWEST_ADDR
arm64: kconfig: add submenu for 8.2 architectural features
arm64: kernel: acpi: fix ioremap in ACPI parking protocol cpu_postboot
arm64: Add support for Half precision floating point
arm64: Remove fixmap include fragility
arm64: Add workaround for Cavium erratum 27456
arm64: mm: Mark .rodata as RO
...
Commit 8439e62a15 ("arm64: mm: use bit ops rather than arithmetic in
pa/va translations") changed the boundary check against PAGE_OFFSET from
an arithmetic comparison to a bit test. This means we now silently assume
that PAGE_OFFSET is a power of 2 that divides the kernel virtual address
space into two equal halves. So make that assumption explicit.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Commit c031a4213c ("arm64: kaslr: randomize the linear region")
implements randomization of the linear region, by subtracting a random
multiple of PUD_SIZE from memstart_addr. This causes the virtual mapping
of system RAM to move upwards in the linear region, and at the same time
causes memstart_addr to assume a value which may be negative if the offset
of system RAM in the physical space is smaller than its offset relative to
PAGE_OFFSET in the virtual space.
Since memstart_addr is effectively an offset now, redefine its type as s64
so that expressions involving shifting or division preserve its sign.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
In the boot log, instead of listing .init first, list .text, .rodata,
.init and .data in the same order they appear in memory
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Commit dd006da216 ("arm64: mm: increase VA range of identity map") made
some changes to the memory mapping code to allow physical memory to reside
at an offset that exceeds the size of the virtual mapping.
However, since the size of the vmemmap area is proportional to the size of
the VA area, but it is populated relative to the physical space, we may
end up with the struct page array being mapped outside of the vmemmap
region. For instance, on my Seattle A0 box, I can see the following output
in the dmesg log.
vmemmap : 0xffffffbdc0000000 - 0xffffffbfc0000000 ( 8 GB maximum)
0xffffffbfc0000000 - 0xffffffbfd0000000 ( 256 MB actual)
We can fix this by deciding that the vmemmap region is not a projection of
the physical space, but of the virtual space above PAGE_OFFSET, i.e., the
linear region. This way, we are guaranteed that the vmemmap region is of
sufficient size, and we can even reduce the size by half.
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Currently the .rodata section is actually still executable when DEBUG_RODATA
is enabled. This changes that so the .rodata is actually read only, no execute.
It also adds the .rodata section to the mem_init banner.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Linton <jeremy.linton@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
[catalin.marinas@arm.com: added vm_struct vmlinux_rodata in map_kernel()]
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Remove the unnecessary boundary check since there is a huge
gap between user and kernel address that they would never overlap.
(arm64 does not have enough levels of page tables to cover 64-bit
virtual address)
See Documentation/arm64/memory.txt
Signed-off-by: Miles Chen <miles.chen@mediatek.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
When KASLR is enabled (CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE=y), and entropy has been
provided by the bootloader, randomize the placement of RAM inside the
linear region if sufficient space is available. For instance, on a 4KB
granule/3 levels kernel, the linear region is 256 GB in size, and we can
choose any 1 GB aligned offset that is far enough from the top of the
address space to fit the distance between the start of the lowest memblock
and the top of the highest memblock.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
This relaxes the kernel Image placement requirements, so that it
may be placed at any 2 MB aligned offset in physical memory.
This is accomplished by ignoring PHYS_OFFSET when installing
memblocks, and accounting for the apparent virtual offset of
the kernel Image. As a result, virtual address references
below PAGE_OFFSET are correctly mapped onto physical references
into the kernel Image regardless of where it sits in memory.
Special care needs to be taken for dealing with memory limits passed
via mem=, since the generic implementation clips memory top down, which
may clip the kernel image itself if it is loaded high up in memory. To
deal with this case, we simply add back the memory covering the kernel
image, which may result in more memory to be retained than was passed
as a mem= parameter.
Since mem= should not be considered a production feature, a panic notifier
handler is installed that dumps the memory limit at panic time if one was
set.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Before deferring the assignment of memstart_addr in a subsequent patch, to
the moment where all memory has been discovered and possibly clipped based
on the size of the linear region and the presence of a mem= command line
parameter, we need to ensure that memstart_addr is not used to perform __va
translations before it is assigned.
One such use is in the generic early DT discovery of the initrd location,
which is recorded as a virtual address in the globals initrd_start and
initrd_end. So wire up the generic support to declare the initrd addresses,
and implement it without __va() translations, and perform the translation
after memstart_addr has been assigned.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
This moves the module area to right before the vmalloc area, and moves
the kernel image to the base of the vmalloc area. This is an intermediate
step towards implementing KASLR, which allows the kernel image to be
located anywhere in the vmalloc area.
Since other subsystems such as hibernate may still need to refer to the
kernel text or data segments via their linears addresses, both are mapped
in the linear region as well. The linear alias of the text region is
mapped read-only/non-executable to prevent inadvertent modification or
execution.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Currently we treat the alternatives separately from other data that's
only used during initialisation, using separate .altinstructions and
.altinstr_replacement linker sections. These are freed for general
allocation separately from .init*. This is problematic as:
* We do not remove execute permissions, as we do for .init, leaving the
memory executable.
* We pad between them, making the kernel Image bianry up to PAGE_SIZE
bytes larger than necessary.
This patch moves the two sections into the contiguous region used for
.init*. This saves some memory, ensures that we remove execute
permissions, and allows us to remove some code made redundant by this
reorganisation.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Jeremy Linton <jeremy.linton@arm.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Take the new memblock attribute MEMBLOCK_NOMAP into account when
deciding whether a certain region is or should be covered by the
kernel direct mapping.
Reviewed-by: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
These functions/variables are not needed after booting, so mark them
as __init or __initdata.
Signed-off-by: Jisheng Zhang <jszhang@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Trying to build with CONFIG_ZONE_DMA=n leaves visible references
to the now-undefined ZONE_DMA, resulting in a syntax error.
Hide the references behind an #ifdef instead of using IS_ENABLED.
Signed-off-by: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
It is not needed after booting, this patch moves the
free_initrd_mem() function to the __init section.
This patch also make keep_initrd __initdata, to reduce kernel
size.
Signed-off-by: Wang Long <long.wanglong@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
The memmap freeing code in free_unused_memmap() computes the end of
each memblock by adding the memblock size onto the base. However,
if SPARSEMEM is enabled then the value (start) used for the base
may already have been rounded downwards to work out which memmap
entries to free after the previous memblock.
This may cause memmap entries that are in use to get freed.
In general, you're not likely to hit this problem unless there
are at least 2 memblocks and one of them is not aligned to a
sparsemem section boundary. Note that carve-outs can increase
the number of memblocks by splitting the regions listed in the
device tree.
This problem doesn't occur with SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP, because the
vmemmap code deals with freeing the unused regions of the memmap
instead of requiring the arch code to do it.
This patch gets the memblock base out of the memblock directly when
computing the block end address to ensure the correct value is used.
Signed-off-by: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
