Adds an entry for Creative USB X-Fi to the rc_config array in
mixer_quirks.c to allow use of volume knob on the device.
Adds support for newer X-Fi Pro card, known as "Model No. SB1095"
with USB ID "041e:3237"
Signed-off-by: Dmitry M. Fedin <dmitry.fedin@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Some BIOS version of Fujitsu Lifebook T731 seems to set up the
headphone pin (0x21) without the assoc number 0x0f while it's set only
to the output on the docking port (0x1a). With the recent commit
[03ad6a8c93b6: ALSA: hda - Fix "PCM" name being used on one DAC when
there are two DACs], this resulted in the weird mixer element
mapping where the headphone on the laptop is assigned as a shared
volume with the speaker and the docking port is assigned as an
individual headphone.
This patch improves the situation by correcting the headphone pin
config to the more appropriate value.
Reported-and-tested-by: Taylor Smock <smocktaylor@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Some M-Audio devices require to receive bootup command just after
powering on, while codes in BeBoB driver doesn't work properly in
big-endian machine because the command should be aligned by
little-endian.
This commit fixes this bug. This fix should go to stable kernel.
Cc: Takayuki Shiroma <t.shiroma.oki@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Pin sense will active when power pin is wake up.
Power pin will not wake up immediately during resume state.
Add some delay to wait for power pin activated.
Signed-off-by: Kailang Yang <kailang@realtek.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Adding this quirk allows us to avoid the noisy
"cannot get freq at ep 0x1" message in dmesg output every time
playback starts.
This ought to affect other Benchmark DAC1 variations using the same
"Microchip Technology, Inc." chip as well, but I have only tested
with the "Pre" variant.
Signed-off-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Cc: Joe Turner <joe@oampo.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Dell new platform of ALC256 audio codec.
Support headset mode for Dell ALC256 platform.
Signed-off-by: Kailang Yang <kailang@realtek.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The latest and greatest fixes for ARM platform code. Worth pointing out are:
- Lines-wise, largest is a PXA fix for dealing with interrupts on DT that was
quite broken. It's still newish code so while we could have held this off,
it seemed appropriate to include now
- Some GPIO fixes for OMAP platforms added a few lines. This was also fixes for
code recently added (this release).
- Small OMAP timer fix to behave better with partially upstreamed platforms,
which is quite welcome.
- Allwinner fixes about operating point control, reducing overclocking in some
cases for better stability.
+ a handful of other smaller fixes across the map.
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Merge tag 'armsoc-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm/arm-soc
Pull ARM SoC fixes from Olof Johansson:
"The latest and greatest fixes for ARM platform code. Worth pointing
out are:
- Lines-wise, largest is a PXA fix for dealing with interrupts on DT
that was quite broken. It's still newish code so while we could
have held this off, it seemed appropriate to include now
- Some GPIO fixes for OMAP platforms added a few lines. This was
also fixes for code recently added (this release).
- Small OMAP timer fix to behave better with partially upstreamed
platforms, which is quite welcome.
- Allwinner fixes about operating point control, reducing
overclocking in some cases for better stability.
plus a handful of other smaller fixes across the map"
* tag 'armsoc-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm/arm-soc:
arm64: juno: Fix misleading name of UART reference clock
ARM: dts: sunxi: Remove overclocked/overvoltaged OPP
ARM: dts: sun4i: a10-lime: Override and remove 1008MHz OPP setting
ARM: socfpga: dts: fix spi1 interrupt
ARM: dts: Fix gpio interrupts for dm816x
ARM: dts: dra7: remove ti,hwmod property from pcie phy
ARM: OMAP: dmtimer: disable pm runtime on remove
ARM: OMAP: dmtimer: check for pm_runtime_get_sync() failure
ARM: OMAP2+: Fix socbus family info for AM33xx devices
ARM: dts: omap3: Add missing dmas for crypto
ARM: dts: rockchip: disable gmac by default in rk3288.dtsi
MAINTAINERS: add rockchip regexp to the ARM/Rockchip entry
ARM: pxa: fix pxa interrupts handling in DT
ARM: pxa: Fix typo in zeus.c
ARM: sunxi: Have ARCH_SUNXI select RESET_CONTROLLER for clock driver usage
There's a few fixes to merge for 4.0, one to add a select in the machine
Kconfig option to fix a potential build failure, and two fixing cpufreq related
issues.
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Merge tag 'sunxi-fixes-for-4.0' of https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mripard/linux into fixes
Allwinner fixes for 4.0
There's a few fixes to merge for 4.0, one to add a select in the machine
Kconfig option to fix a potential build failure, and two fixing cpufreq related
issues.
* tag 'sunxi-fixes-for-4.0' of https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mripard/linux:
ARM: dts: sunxi: Remove overclocked/overvoltaged OPP
ARM: dts: sun4i: a10-lime: Override and remove 1008MHz OPP setting
ARM: sunxi: Have ARCH_SUNXI select RESET_CONTROLLER for clock driver usage
Signed-off-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
- Fix a device tree based booting vs legacy booting regression for
omap3 crypto hardware by adding the missing DMA channels.
- Fix /sys/bus/soc/devices/soc0/family for am33xx devices.
- Fix two timer issues that can cause hangs if the timer related
hwmod data is missing like it often initially is for new SoCs.
- Remove pcie hwmods entry from dts as that causes runtime PM to
fail for the PHYs.
- A paper bag type dts configuration fix for dm816x GPIO
interrupts that I just noticed. This is most of the changes
diffstat wise, but as it's a basic feature for connecting
devices and things work otherwise, it should be fixed.
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Merge tag 'fixes-v4.0-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tmlind/linux-omap into fixes
Fixes for omaps for the -rc cycle:
- Fix a device tree based booting vs legacy booting regression for
omap3 crypto hardware by adding the missing DMA channels.
- Fix /sys/bus/soc/devices/soc0/family for am33xx devices.
- Fix two timer issues that can cause hangs if the timer related
hwmod data is missing like it often initially is for new SoCs.
- Remove pcie hwmods entry from dts as that causes runtime PM to
fail for the PHYs.
- A paper bag type dts configuration fix for dm816x GPIO
interrupts that I just noticed. This is most of the changes
diffstat wise, but as it's a basic feature for connecting
devices and things work otherwise, it should be fixed.
* tag 'fixes-v4.0-rc4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tmlind/linux-omap:
ARM: dts: Fix gpio interrupts for dm816x
ARM: dts: dra7: remove ti,hwmod property from pcie phy
ARM: OMAP: dmtimer: disable pm runtime on remove
ARM: OMAP: dmtimer: check for pm_runtime_get_sync() failure
ARM: OMAP2+: Fix socbus family info for AM33xx devices
ARM: dts: omap3: Add missing dmas for crypto
Signed-off-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
- Fix interrupt number for SPI1 interface
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Merge tag 'socfpga_fix_for_v4.0_2' of git://git.rocketboards.org/linux-socfpga-next into fixes
Late fix for v4.0 on the SoCFPGA platform:
- Fix interrupt number for SPI1 interface
* tag 'socfpga_fix_for_v4.0_2' of git://git.rocketboards.org/linux-socfpga-next:
ARM: socfpga: dts: fix spi1 interrupt
Signed-off-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
The UART reference clock speed is 7273.8 kHz, not 72738 kHz.
Dots aren't usually used in node names even though ePAPR permits
them. However, this can easily be avoided by expressing the
frequency in Hz, not kHz.
This patch changes the name to refclk7273800hz, reflecting the
actual clock speed.
Signed-off-by: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>
Acked-by: Liviu Dudau <Liviu.Dudau@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
There are only 2 fixes, one for the zeus board about the regulator changes,
where a typo prevented the zeus board from having a working can regulator,
and one regression triggered by the interrupts IRQ shift of 16 affecting all
boards.
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Merge tag 'fixes-for-v4.0-rc5' of https://github.com/rjarzmik/linux into fixes
arm: pxa: fixes for v4.0-rc5
There are only 2 fixes, one for the zeus board about the regulator changes,
where a typo prevented the zeus board from having a working can regulator,
and one regression triggered by the interrupts IRQ shift of 16 affecting all
boards.
* tag 'fixes-for-v4.0-rc5' of https://github.com/rjarzmik/linux:
ARM: pxa: fix pxa interrupts handling in DT
ARM: pxa: Fix typo in zeus.c
Signed-off-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net>
Pull x86 fix from Ingo Molnar:
"Fix x86 syscall exit code bug that resulted in spurious non-execution
of TIF-driven user-return worklets, causing big trouble for things
like KVM that rely on user notifiers for correctness of their vcpu
model, causing crashes like double faults"
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/asm/entry: Check for syscall exit work with IRQs disabled
Pull scheduler fix from Ingo Molnar:
"A single sched/rt corner case fix for RLIMIT_RTIME correctness"
* 'sched-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
sched: Fix RLIMIT_RTTIME when PI-boosting to RT
Pull perf fix from Ingo Molnar:
"A perf kernel side fix for a fuzzer triggered lockup"
* 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
perf: Fix irq_work 'tail' recursion
Pull locking fix from Ingo Molnar:
"A module unload lockdep race fix"
* 'locking-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
lockdep: Fix the module unload key range freeing logic
Pull parsic fixes from Helge Deller:
"One patch from Mikulas fixes a bug on parisc by artifically
incrementing the counter in pmd_free when the kernel tries to free
the preallocated pmd.
Other than that we now prevent that syscalls gets added without
incrementing __NR_Linux_syscalls and fix the initial pmd setup code
if a default page size greater than 4k has been selected"
* 'parisc-4.0-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/deller/parisc-linux:
parisc: Fix pmd code to depend on PT_NLEVELS value, not on CONFIG_64BIT
parisc: mm: don't count preallocated pmds
parisc: Add compile-time check when adding new syscalls
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Merge tag 'arc-4.0-fixes-part-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vgupta/arc
Pull ARC fixes from Vineet Gupta:
"We found some issues with signal handling taking down the system. I
know its late, but these are important and all marked for stable.
ARC signal handling related fixes uncovered during recent testing of
NPTL tools"
* tag 'arc-4.0-fixes-part-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vgupta/arc:
ARC: signal handling robustify
ARC: SA_SIGINFO ucontext regs off-by-one
Pull selinux bugfix from James Morris.
Fix broken return value.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security:
selinux: fix sel_write_enforce broken return value
Three trivial oneliner fixes for HD-audio. Two are device-specific
quirks while one is a generic fix for recent Realtek codecs.
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Merge tag 'sound-4.0-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound
Pull sound fixes from Takashi Iwai:
"Three trivial oneliner fixes for HD-audio.
Two are device-specific quirks while one is a generic fix for recent
Realtek codecs"
* tag 'sound-4.0-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound:
ALSA: hda - Add one more node in the EAPD supporting candidate list
ALSA: hda_intel: apply the Seperate stream_tag for Sunrise Point
ALSA: hda - Add dock support for Thinkpad T450s (17aa:5036)
The IMG PDC watchdog driver heartbeat module parameter has no default so
it is initialised to zero. This results in the following warning during
probe:
imgpdc-wdt 2006000.wdt: Initial timeout out of range! setting max timeout
The module parameter description implies that the default value should
be PDC_WDT_DEF_TIMEOUT, which isn't yet used, so initialise it to that.
Also tweak the heartbeat module parameter description for consistency.
Fixes: 93937669e9 ("watchdog: ImgTec PDC Watchdog Timer Driver")
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Ezequiel Garcia <ezequiel.garcia@imgtec.com>
Cc: Naidu Tellapati <Naidu.Tellapati@imgtec.com>
Cc: Jude Abraham <Jude.Abraham@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-watchdog@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Signed-off-by: Wim Van Sebroeck <wim@iguana.be>
The IMG PDC watchdog probe function calls pdc_wdt_stop() prior to
watchdog_set_drvdata(), causing a NULL pointer dereference when
pdc_wdt_stop() retrieves the struct pdc_wdt_dev pointer using
watchdog_get_drvdata() and reads the register base address through it.
Fix by moving the watchdog_set_drvdata() call earlier, to where various
other pdc_wdt->wdt_dev fields are initialised.
Fixes: 93937669e9 ("watchdog: ImgTec PDC Watchdog Timer Driver")
Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
Cc: Ezequiel Garcia <ezequiel.garcia@imgtec.com>
Cc: Naidu Tellapati <Naidu.Tellapati@imgtec.com>
Cc: Jude Abraham <Jude.Abraham@imgtec.com>
Cc: linux-watchdog@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Signed-off-by: Wim Van Sebroeck <wim@iguana.be>
"ret" should be signed for the error handling to work correctly. This
doesn't matter much in real life since mtk_wdt_set_timeout() always
succeeds.
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthias Brugger <matthias.bgg@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Signed-off-by: Wim Van Sebroeck <wim@iguana.be>
Pull drm refcounting fixes from Dave Airlie:
"Here is the complete set of i915 bug/warn/refcounting fixes"
* 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux:
drm/i915: Fixup legacy plane->crtc link for initial fb config
drm/i915: Fix atomic state when reusing the firmware fb
drm/i915: Keep ring->active_list and ring->requests_list consistent
drm/i915: Don't try to reference the fb in get_initial_plane_config()
drm: Fixup racy refcounting in plane_force_disable
exposed by the bdi changes that were introduced during the 4.0 merge.
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Merge tag 'dm-4.0-fix-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm
Pull device mapper fix from Mike Snitzer:
"Fix DM core device cleanup regression -- due to a latent race that was
exposed by the bdi changes that were introduced during the 4.0 merge"
* tag 'dm-4.0-fix-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm:
dm: fix add_disk() NULL pointer due to race with free_dev()
This should cover the final warnings in -rc5 with two more backports
from our development branch (drm-intel-next-queued). They're the ones
from Daniel and Damien, with references to the reports.
This is on top of drm-fixes because of the dependency on the two earlier
fixes not yet in Linus' tree.
There's an additional regression fix from Chris.
* tag 'drm-intel-fixes-2015-03-26' of git://anongit.freedesktop.org/drm-intel:
drm/i915: Fixup legacy plane->crtc link for initial fb config
drm/i915: Fix atomic state when reusing the firmware fb
drm/i915: Keep ring->active_list and ring->requests_list consistent
Pull s390 fixes from Martin Schwidefsky:
"A couple of bug fixes for s390.
The ftrace comile fix is quite large for a -rc6 release, but it would
be nice to have it in 4.0"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/s390/linux:
s390/smp: reenable smt after resume
s390/mm: limit STACK_RND_MASK for compat tasks
s390/ftrace: fix compile error if CONFIG_KPROBES is disabled
s390/cpum_sf: add diagnostic sampling event only if it is authorized
This is a very similar bug in the load detect code fixed in
commit 9128b040eb
Author: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Date: Tue Mar 3 17:31:21 2015 +0100
drm/i915: Fix modeset state confusion in the load detect code
But this time around it was the initial fb code that forgot to update
the plane->crtc pointer. Otherwise it's the exact same bug, with the
exact same restrains (any set_config call/ioctl that doesn't disable
the pipe papers over the bug for free, so fairly hard to hit in normal
testing). So if you want the full explanation just go read that one
over there - it's rather long ...
Cc: Matt Roper <matthew.d.roper@intel.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@fedoraproject.org>
Cc: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@linux.intel.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@fedoraproject.org>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
[Jani: backported to drm-intel-fixes for v4.0-rc]
Reference: http://mid.gmane.org/CA+5PVA7ChbtJrknqws1qvZcbrg1CW2pQAFkSMURWWgyASRyGXg@mail.gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
Right now, we get a warning when taking over the firmware fb:
[drm:drm_atomic_plane_check] FB set but no CRTC
with the following backtrace:
[<ffffffffa010339d>] drm_atomic_check_only+0x35d/0x510 [drm]
[<ffffffffa0103567>] drm_atomic_commit+0x17/0x60 [drm]
[<ffffffffa00a6ccd>] drm_atomic_helper_plane_set_property+0x8d/0xd0 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffffffffa00f1fed>] drm_mode_plane_set_obj_prop+0x2d/0x90 [drm]
[<ffffffffa00a8a1b>] restore_fbdev_mode+0x6b/0xf0 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffffffffa00aa969>] drm_fb_helper_restore_fbdev_mode_unlocked+0x29/0x80 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffffffffa00aa9e2>] drm_fb_helper_set_par+0x22/0x50 [drm_kms_helper]
[<ffffffffa050a71a>] intel_fbdev_set_par+0x1a/0x60 [i915]
[<ffffffff813ad444>] fbcon_init+0x4f4/0x580
That's because we update the plane state with the fb from the firmware, but we
never associate the plane to that CRTC.
We don't quite have the full DRM take over from HW state just yet, so
fake enough of the plane atomic state to pass the checks.
v2: Fix the state on which we set the CRTC in the case we're sharing the
initial fb with another pipe. (Matt)
Signed-off-by: Damien Lespiau <damien.lespiau@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Matt Roper <matthew.d.roper@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
[Jani: backported to drm-intel-fixes for v4.0-rc]
Reference: http://mid.gmane.org/CA+5PVA7yXH=U757w8V=Zj2U1URG4nYNav20NpjtQ4svVueyPNw@mail.gmail.com
Reference: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CA+55aFweWR=nDzc2Y=rCtL_H8JfdprQiCimN5dwc+TgyD4Bjsg@mail.gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
We have a HP machine which use the codec node 0x17 connecting the
internal speaker, and from the node capability, we saw the EAPD,
if we don't set the EAPD on for this node, the internal speaker
can't output any sound.
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
BugLink: https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1436745
Signed-off-by: Hui Wang <hui.wang@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The sun5i timer is used as the sched-clock on certain systems, and ever
since we started using cpufreq, the cpu clock (that is one of the
timer's clock indirect parent) now changes as well, along with the
actual sched_clock() rate.
This is not accurate and not desirable.
We can safely remove the sun5i sched-clock on those systems, since we
have other reliable sched_clock() sources in the system.
Tested-by: Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Maxime Ripard <maxime.ripard@free-electrons.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org>
[ Improved the changelog. ]
Cc: richard@nod.at
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427362029-6511-4-git-send-email-daniel.lezcano@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Fix !CONFIG_HAS_IOMEM related build failures in three clocksource drivers.
The build failures have the pattern of:
drivers/clocksource/sh_cmt.c: In function ‘sh_cmt_map_memory’: drivers/clocksource/sh_cmt.c:920:2:
error: implicit declaration of function ‘ioremap_nocache’ [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration] cmt->mapbase = ioremap_nocache(mem->start, resource_size(mem));
Signed-off-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Cc: maxime.ripard@free-electrons.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427362029-6511-1-git-send-email-daniel.lezcano@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
If we retire requests last, we may use a later seqno and so clear
the requests lists without clearing the active list, leading to
confusion. Hence we should retire requests first for consistency with
the early return. The order used to be important as the lifecycle for
the object on the active list was determined by request->seqno. However,
the requests themselves are now reference counted removing the
constraint from the order of retirement.
Fixes regression from
commit 1b5a433a4d
Author: John Harrison <John.C.Harrison@Intel.com>
Date: Mon Nov 24 18:49:42 2014 +0000
drm/i915: Convert 'i915_seqno_passed' calls into 'i915_gem_request_completed
'
and a
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1383 at drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_evict.c:279 i915_gem_evict_vm+0x10c/0x140()
WARN_ON(!list_empty(&vm->active_list))
Identified by updating WATCH_LISTS:
[drm:i915_verify_lists] *ERROR* blitter ring: active list not empty, but no requests
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 681 at drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem.c:2751 i915_gem_retire_requests_ring+0x149/0x230()
WARN_ON(i915_verify_lists(ring->dev))
Note that this is only a problem in evict_vm where the following happens
after a retire_request has cleaned out all requests, but not all active
bo:
- intel_ring_idle called from i915_gpu_idle notices that no requests are
outstanding and immediately returns.
- i915_gem_retire_requests_ring called from i915_gem_retire_requests also
immediately returns when there's no request, still leaving the bo on the
active list.
- evict_vm hits the WARN_ON(!list_empty(&vm->active_list)) after evicting
all active objects that there's still stuff left that shouldn't be
there.
Signed-off-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Cc: John Harrison <John.C.Harrison@Intel.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Signed-off-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
The total stream number of Sunrise Point's input and output stream
exceeds 15, which will cause some streams do not work because
of the overflow on SDxCTL.STRM field if using the legacy
stream tag allocation method.
This patch uses the new stream tag allocation method by add
the flag AZX_DCAPS_SEPARATE_STREAM_TAG for Skylake platform.
Signed-off-by: Libin Yang <libin.yang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
A malicious signal handler / restorer can DOS the system by fudging the
user regs saved on stack, causing weird things such as sigreturn returning
to user mode PC but cpu state still being kernel mode....
Ensure that in sigreturn path status32 always has U bit; any other bogosity
(gargbage PC etc) will be taken care of by normal user mode exceptions mechanisms.
Reproducer signal handler:
void handle_sig(int signo, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
ucontext_t *uc = context;
struct user_regs_struct *regs = &(uc->uc_mcontext.regs);
regs->scratch.status32 = 0;
}
Before the fix, kernel would go off to weeds like below:
--------->8-----------
[ARCLinux]$ ./signal-test
Path: /signal-test
CPU: 0 PID: 61 Comm: signal-test Not tainted 4.0.0-rc5+ #65
task: 8f177880 ti: 5ffe6000 task.ti: 8f15c000
[ECR ]: 0x00220200 => Invalid Write @ 0x00000010 by insn @ 0x00010698
[EFA ]: 0x00000010
[BLINK ]: 0x2007c1ee
[ERET ]: 0x10698
[STAT32]: 0x00000000 : <--------
BTA: 0x00010680 SP: 0x5ffe7e48 FP: 0x00000000
LPS: 0x20003c6c LPE: 0x20003c70 LPC: 0x00000000
...
--------->8-----------
Reported-by: Alexey Brodkin <abrodkin@synopsys.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
The regfile provided to SA_SIGINFO signal handler as ucontext was off by
one due to pt_regs gutter cleanups in 2013.
Before handling signal, user pt_regs are copied onto user_regs_struct and copied
back later. Both structs are binary compatible. This was all fine until
commit 2fa919045b (ARC: pt_regs update #2) which removed the empty stack slot
at top of pt_regs (corresponding to first pad) and made the corresponding
fixup in struct user_regs_struct (the pad in there was moved out of
@scratch - not removed altogether as it is part of ptrace ABI)
struct user_regs_struct {
+ long pad;
struct {
- long pad;
long bta, lp_start, lp_end,....
} scratch;
...
}
This meant that now user_regs_struct was off by 1 reg w.r.t pt_regs and
signal code needs to user_regs_struct.scratch to reflect it as pt_regs,
which is what this commit does.
This problem was hidden for 2 years, because both save/restore, despite
using wrong location, were using the same location. Only an interim
inspection (reproducer below) exposed the issue.
void handle_segv(int signo, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
ucontext_t *uc = context;
struct user_regs_struct *regs = &(uc->uc_mcontext.regs);
printf("regs %x %x\n", <=== prints 7 8 (vs. 8 9)
regs->scratch.r8, regs->scratch.r9);
}
int main()
{
struct sigaction sa;
sa.sa_sigaction = handle_segv;
sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
asm volatile(
"mov r7, 7 \n"
"mov r8, 8 \n"
"mov r9, 9 \n"
"mov r10, 10 \n"
:::"r7","r8","r9","r10");
*((unsigned int*)0x10) = 0;
}
Fixes: 2fa919045b "ARC: pt_regs update #2: Remove unused gutter at start of pt_regs"
CC: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
This is another single fix, for an include dependency problem when using
ioremap_wc() from asm/io.h without also including asm/pgtable.h.
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Merge tag 'metag-fixes-v4.0-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jhogan/metag
Pull arch/metag fix from James Hogan:
"Another metag architecture fix for v4.0
This is another single fix, for an include dependency problem when
using ioremap_wc() from asm/io.h without also including asm/pgtable.h"
* tag 'metag-fixes-v4.0-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jhogan/metag:
metag: Fix ioremap_wc/ioremap_cached build errors
Merge misc fixes from Andrew Morton:
"15 fixes"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>:
mm: numa: mark huge PTEs young when clearing NUMA hinting faults
mm: numa: slow PTE scan rate if migration failures occur
mm: numa: preserve PTE write permissions across a NUMA hinting fault
mm: numa: group related processes based on VMA flags instead of page table flags
hfsplus: fix B-tree corruption after insertion at position 0
MAINTAINERS: add Jan as DMI/SMBIOS support maintainer
fs/affs/file.c: unlock/release page on error
mm/page_alloc.c: call kernel_map_pages in unset_migrateype_isolate
mm/slub: fix lockups on PREEMPT && !SMP kernels
mm/memory hotplug: postpone the reset of obsolete pgdat
MAINTAINERS: correct rtc armada38x pattern entry
mm/pagewalk.c: prevent positive return value of walk_page_test() from being passed to callers
mm: fix anon_vma->degree underflow in anon_vma endless growing prevention
drivers/rtc/rtc-mrst: fix suspend/resume
aoe: update aoe maintainer information
Base PTEs are marked young when the NUMA hinting information is cleared
but the same does not happen for huge pages which this patch addresses.
Note that migrated pages are not marked young as the base page migration
code does not assume that migrated pages have been referenced. This
could be addressed but beyond the scope of this series which is aimed at
Dave Chinners shrink workload that is unlikely to be affected by this
issue.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Dave Chinner reported the following on https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/3/1/226
Across the board the 4.0-rc1 numbers are much slower, and the degradation
is far worse when using the large memory footprint configs. Perf points
straight at the cause - this is from 4.0-rc1 on the "-o bhash=101073" config:
- 56.07% 56.07% [kernel] [k] default_send_IPI_mask_sequence_phys
- default_send_IPI_mask_sequence_phys
- 99.99% physflat_send_IPI_mask
- 99.37% native_send_call_func_ipi
smp_call_function_many
- native_flush_tlb_others
- 99.85% flush_tlb_page
ptep_clear_flush
try_to_unmap_one
rmap_walk
try_to_unmap
migrate_pages
migrate_misplaced_page
- handle_mm_fault
- 99.73% __do_page_fault
trace_do_page_fault
do_async_page_fault
+ async_page_fault
0.63% native_send_call_func_single_ipi
generic_exec_single
smp_call_function_single
This is showing excessive migration activity even though excessive
migrations are meant to get throttled. Normally, the scan rate is tuned
on a per-task basis depending on the locality of faults. However, if
migrations fail for any reason then the PTE scanner may scan faster if
the faults continue to be remote. This means there is higher system CPU
overhead and fault trapping at exactly the time we know that migrations
cannot happen. This patch tracks when migration failures occur and
slows the PTE scanner.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Tested-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Protecting a PTE to trap a NUMA hinting fault clears the writable bit
and further faults are needed after trapping a NUMA hinting fault to set
the writable bit again. This patch preserves the writable bit when
trapping NUMA hinting faults. The impact is obvious from the number of
minor faults trapped during the basis balancing benchmark and the system
CPU usage;
autonumabench
4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
baseline preserve
Time System-NUMA01 107.13 ( 0.00%) 103.13 ( 3.73%)
Time System-NUMA01_THEADLOCAL 131.87 ( 0.00%) 83.30 ( 36.83%)
Time System-NUMA02 8.95 ( 0.00%) 10.72 (-19.78%)
Time System-NUMA02_SMT 4.57 ( 0.00%) 3.99 ( 12.69%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA01 515.78 ( 0.00%) 517.26 ( -0.29%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA01_THEADLOCAL 384.10 ( 0.00%) 384.31 ( -0.05%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA02 48.86 ( 0.00%) 48.78 ( 0.16%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA02_SMT 47.98 ( 0.00%) 48.12 ( -0.29%)
4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
baseline preserve
User 44383.95 43971.89
System 252.61 201.24
Elapsed 998.68 1000.94
Minor Faults 2597249 1981230
Major Faults 365 364
There is a similar drop in system CPU usage using Dave Chinner's xfsrepair
workload
4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
baseline preserve
Amean real-xfsrepair 454.14 ( 0.00%) 442.36 ( 2.60%)
Amean syst-xfsrepair 277.20 ( 0.00%) 204.68 ( 26.16%)
The patch looks hacky but the alternatives looked worse. The tidest was
to rewalk the page tables after a hinting fault but it was more complex
than this approach and the performance was worse. It's not generally
safe to just mark the page writable during the fault if it's a write
fault as it may have been read-only for COW so that approach was
discarded.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Tested-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
These are three follow-on patches based on the xfsrepair workload Dave
Chinner reported was problematic in 4.0-rc1 due to changes in page table
management -- https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/3/1/226.
Much of the problem was reduced by commit 53da3bc2ba ("mm: fix up numa
read-only thread grouping logic") and commit ba68bc0115 ("mm: thp:
Return the correct value for change_huge_pmd"). It was known that the
performance in 3.19 was still better even if is far less safe. This
series aims to restore the performance without compromising on safety.
For the test of this mail, I'm comparing 3.19 against 4.0-rc4 and the
three patches applied on top
autonumabench
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanilla vmwrite-v5r8 preserve-v5r8 slowscan-v5r8
Time System-NUMA01 124.00 ( 0.00%) 161.86 (-30.53%) 107.13 ( 13.60%) 103.13 ( 16.83%) 145.01 (-16.94%)
Time System-NUMA01_THEADLOCAL 115.54 ( 0.00%) 107.64 ( 6.84%) 131.87 (-14.13%) 83.30 ( 27.90%) 92.35 ( 20.07%)
Time System-NUMA02 9.35 ( 0.00%) 10.44 (-11.66%) 8.95 ( 4.28%) 10.72 (-14.65%) 8.16 ( 12.73%)
Time System-NUMA02_SMT 3.87 ( 0.00%) 4.63 (-19.64%) 4.57 (-18.09%) 3.99 ( -3.10%) 3.36 ( 13.18%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA01 570.06 ( 0.00%) 567.82 ( 0.39%) 515.78 ( 9.52%) 517.26 ( 9.26%) 543.80 ( 4.61%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA01_THEADLOCAL 393.69 ( 0.00%) 384.83 ( 2.25%) 384.10 ( 2.44%) 384.31 ( 2.38%) 380.73 ( 3.29%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA02 49.09 ( 0.00%) 49.33 ( -0.49%) 48.86 ( 0.47%) 48.78 ( 0.63%) 50.94 ( -3.77%)
Time Elapsed-NUMA02_SMT 47.51 ( 0.00%) 47.15 ( 0.76%) 47.98 ( -0.99%) 48.12 ( -1.28%) 49.56 ( -4.31%)
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanillavmwrite-v5r8preserve-v5r8slowscan-v5r8
User 46334.60 46391.94 44383.95 43971.89 44372.12
System 252.84 284.66 252.61 201.24 249.00
Elapsed 1062.14 1050.96 998.68 1000.94 1026.78
Overall the system CPU usage is comparable and the test is naturally a
bit variable. The slowing of the scanner hurts numa01 but on this
machine it is an adverse workload and patches that dramatically help it
often hurt absolutely everything else.
Due to patch 2, the fault activity is interesting
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanillavmwrite-v5r8preserve-v5r8slowscan-v5r8
Minor Faults 2097811 2656646 2597249 1981230 1636841
Major Faults 362 450 365 364 365
Note the impact preserving the write bit across protection updates and
fault reduces faults.
NUMA alloc hit 1229008 1217015 1191660 1178322 1199681
NUMA alloc miss 0 0 0 0 0
NUMA interleave hit 0 0 0 0 0
NUMA alloc local 1228514 1216317 1190871 1177448 1199021
NUMA base PTE updates 245706197 240041607 238195516 244704842 115012800
NUMA huge PMD updates 479530 468448 464868 477573 224487
NUMA page range updates 491225557 479886983 476207932 489222218 229950144
NUMA hint faults 659753 656503 641678 656926 294842
NUMA hint local faults 381604 373963 360478 337585 186249
NUMA hint local percent 57 56 56 51 63
NUMA pages migrated 5412140 6374899 6266530 5277468 5755096
AutoNUMA cost 5121% 5083% 4994% 5097% 2388%
Here the impact of slowing the PTE scanner on migratrion failures is
obvious as "NUMA base PTE updates" and "NUMA huge PMD updates" are
massively reduced even though the headline performance is very similar.
As xfsrepair was the reported workload here is the impact of the series
on it.
xfsrepair
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanilla vmwrite-v5r8 preserve-v5r8 slowscan-v5r8
Min real-fsmark 1183.29 ( 0.00%) 1165.73 ( 1.48%) 1152.78 ( 2.58%) 1153.64 ( 2.51%) 1177.62 ( 0.48%)
Min syst-fsmark 4107.85 ( 0.00%) 4027.75 ( 1.95%) 3986.74 ( 2.95%) 3979.16 ( 3.13%) 4048.76 ( 1.44%)
Min real-xfsrepair 441.51 ( 0.00%) 463.96 ( -5.08%) 449.50 ( -1.81%) 440.08 ( 0.32%) 439.87 ( 0.37%)
Min syst-xfsrepair 195.76 ( 0.00%) 278.47 (-42.25%) 262.34 (-34.01%) 203.70 ( -4.06%) 143.64 ( 26.62%)
Amean real-fsmark 1188.30 ( 0.00%) 1177.34 ( 0.92%) 1157.97 ( 2.55%) 1158.21 ( 2.53%) 1182.22 ( 0.51%)
Amean syst-fsmark 4111.37 ( 0.00%) 4055.70 ( 1.35%) 3987.19 ( 3.02%) 3998.72 ( 2.74%) 4061.69 ( 1.21%)
Amean real-xfsrepair 450.88 ( 0.00%) 468.32 ( -3.87%) 454.14 ( -0.72%) 442.36 ( 1.89%) 440.59 ( 2.28%)
Amean syst-xfsrepair 199.66 ( 0.00%) 290.60 (-45.55%) 277.20 (-38.84%) 204.68 ( -2.51%) 150.55 ( 24.60%)
Stddev real-fsmark 4.12 ( 0.00%) 10.82 (-162.29%) 4.14 ( -0.28%) 5.98 (-45.05%) 4.60 (-11.53%)
Stddev syst-fsmark 2.63 ( 0.00%) 20.32 (-671.82%) 0.37 ( 85.89%) 16.47 (-525.59%) 15.05 (-471.79%)
Stddev real-xfsrepair 6.87 ( 0.00%) 4.55 ( 33.75%) 3.46 ( 49.58%) 1.78 ( 74.12%) 0.52 ( 92.50%)
Stddev syst-xfsrepair 3.02 ( 0.00%) 10.30 (-241.37%) 13.17 (-336.37%) 0.71 ( 76.63%) 5.00 (-65.61%)
CoeffVar real-fsmark 0.35 ( 0.00%) 0.92 (-164.73%) 0.36 ( -2.91%) 0.52 (-48.82%) 0.39 (-12.10%)
CoeffVar syst-fsmark 0.06 ( 0.00%) 0.50 (-682.41%) 0.01 ( 85.45%) 0.41 (-543.22%) 0.37 (-478.78%)
CoeffVar real-xfsrepair 1.52 ( 0.00%) 0.97 ( 36.21%) 0.76 ( 49.94%) 0.40 ( 73.62%) 0.12 ( 92.33%)
CoeffVar syst-xfsrepair 1.51 ( 0.00%) 3.54 (-134.54%) 4.75 (-214.31%) 0.34 ( 77.20%) 3.32 (-119.63%)
Max real-fsmark 1193.39 ( 0.00%) 1191.77 ( 0.14%) 1162.90 ( 2.55%) 1166.66 ( 2.24%) 1188.50 ( 0.41%)
Max syst-fsmark 4114.18 ( 0.00%) 4075.45 ( 0.94%) 3987.65 ( 3.08%) 4019.45 ( 2.30%) 4082.80 ( 0.76%)
Max real-xfsrepair 457.80 ( 0.00%) 474.60 ( -3.67%) 457.82 ( -0.00%) 444.42 ( 2.92%) 441.03 ( 3.66%)
Max syst-xfsrepair 203.11 ( 0.00%) 303.65 (-49.50%) 294.35 (-44.92%) 205.33 ( -1.09%) 155.28 ( 23.55%)
The really relevant lines as syst-xfsrepair which is the system CPU
usage when running xfsrepair. Note that on my machine the overhead was
45% higher on 4.0-rc4 which may be part of what Dave is seeing. Once we
preserve the write bit across faults, it's only 2.51% higher on average.
With the full series applied, system CPU usage is 24.6% lower on
average.
Again, the impact of preserving the write bit on minor faults is obvious
and the impact of slowing scanning after migration failures is obvious
on the PTE updates. Note also that the number of pages migrated is much
reduced even though the headline performance is comparable.
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanillavmwrite-v5r8preserve-v5r8slowscan-v5r8
Minor Faults 153466827 254507978 249163829 153501373 105737890
Major Faults 610 702 690 649 724
NUMA base PTE updates 217735049 210756527 217729596 216937111 144344993
NUMA huge PMD updates 129294 85044 106921 127246 79887
NUMA pages migrated 21938995 29705270 28594162 22687324 16258075
3.19.0 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4 4.0.0-rc4
vanilla vanillavmwrite-v5r8preserve-v5r8slowscan-v5r8
Mean sdb-avgqusz 13.47 2.54 2.55 2.47 2.49
Mean sdb-avgrqsz 202.32 140.22 139.50 139.02 138.12
Mean sdb-await 25.92 5.09 5.33 5.02 5.22
Mean sdb-r_await 4.71 0.19 0.83 0.51 0.11
Mean sdb-w_await 104.13 5.21 5.38 5.05 5.32
Mean sdb-svctm 0.59 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14
Mean sdb-rrqm 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mean sdb-wrqm 3.59 1799.43 1826.84 1812.21 1785.67
Max sdb-avgqusz 111.06 12.13 14.05 11.66 15.60
Max sdb-avgrqsz 255.60 190.34 190.01 187.33 191.78
Max sdb-await 168.24 39.28 49.22 44.64 65.62
Max sdb-r_await 660.00 52.00 280.00 76.00 12.00
Max sdb-w_await 7804.00 39.28 49.22 44.64 65.62
Max sdb-svctm 4.00 2.82 2.86 1.98 2.84
Max sdb-rrqm 8.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Max sdb-wrqm 34.20 5372.80 5278.60 5386.60 5546.15
FWIW, I also checked SPECjbb in different configurations but it's
similar observations -- minor faults lower, PTE update activity lower
and performance is roughly comparable against 3.19.
This patch (of 3):
Threads that share writable data within pages are grouped together as
related tasks. This decision is based on whether the PTE is marked
dirty which is subject to timing races between the PTE scanner update
and when the application writes the page. If the page is file-backed,
then background flushes and sync also affect placement. This is
unpredictable behaviour which is impossible to reason about so this
patch makes grouping decisions based on the VMA flags.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Tested-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix B-tree corruption when a new record is inserted at position 0 in the
node in hfs_brec_insert(). In this case a hfs_brec_update_parent() is
called to update the parent index node (if exists) and it is passed
hfs_find_data with a search_key containing a newly inserted key instead
of the key to be updated. This results in an inconsistent index node.
The bug reproduces on my machine after an extents overflow record for
the catalog file (CNID=4) is inserted into the extents overflow B-tree.
Because of a low (reserved) value of CNID=4, it has to become the first
record in the first leaf node.
The resulting first leaf node is correct:
----------------------------------------------------
| key0.CNID=4 | key1.CNID=123 | key2.CNID=456, ... |
----------------------------------------------------
But the parent index key0 still contains the previous key CNID=123:
-----------------------
| key0.CNID=123 | ... |
-----------------------
A change in hfs_brec_insert() makes hfs_brec_update_parent() work
correctly by preventing it from getting fd->record=-1 value from
__hfs_brec_find().
Along the way, I removed duplicate code with unification of the if
condition. The resulting code is equivalent to the original code
because node is never 0.
Also hfs_brec_update_parent() will now return an error after getting a
negative fd->record value. However, the return value of
hfs_brec_update_parent() is not checked anywhere in the file and I'm
leaving it unchanged by this patch. brec.c lacks error checking after
some other calls too, but this issue is of less importance than the one
being fixed by this patch.
Signed-off-by: Sergei Antonov <saproj@gmail.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Reviewed-by: Vyacheslav Dubeyko <slava@dubeyko.com>
Acked-by: Hin-Tak Leung <htl10@users.sourceforge.net>
Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cam.ac.uk>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
